When it comes in contact with body fluids, free sulfadiazine (SD) can be absorbed systemically, metabolized in the liver, and excreted in urine. SSD is poorly soluble and has limited penetration through intact skin. Unfortunately, SSD cytotoxicity was also enhanced. To overcome these shortcomings, new nanomedicine technologies using SSD have been adopted to enhance its antibacterial activity. In addition, specific antibiotics are currently obtainable. ![]() However, the Cochrane systematic review (2010) did not recommend the use of SSD because of insufficient evidence on whether silver-containing dressings or topical agents promote wound healing or prevent wound infection. Nevertheless, common side effects of SSD include pruritus and pain at the site of administration, as well as decreased white blood cell counts, allergic reactions, bluish-gray skin discoloration, and liver inflammation. SSD possesses broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, reacting nonspecifically to Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, causing distortion of the cell membrane and inhibition of DNA replication. It is registered on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines. Silver sulfadiazine (SSD) has been used as an exogenous antimicrobial agent since the 1960s, and is used on partial and full thickness burns to prevent infection. Therefore, the BF itself becomes a serious exacerbation factor in antimicrobial resistance. Specific molecules targeting BFs and effective drugs for BF eradication have not been identified yet. The BF matrix predominantly contains extracellular polysaccharides, and interacts with other molecules, including quorum-sensing signaling molecules/autoinducers, polypeptides, lectins, lipids, and extracellular DNA. BFs produce a subpopulation of drug-resistant cells called persister cells. Approximately 80% of chronic wound infections are attributed to bacteria or BFs. aureus (MRSA) causes soft-tissue infections, indwelling catheter-associated infections, bacteremia, endocarditis, and osteomyelitis. Several types of symbiotic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, colonize our body and form BFs. These results indicate that SSD is an effective compound for the eradication of biofilms thus, SSD should be used for the removal of biofilms formed on wounds.īiofilms (BFs) are a cause of chronic infections. ![]() Consequently, the addition of an ion-chelator reduced the bactericidal effects of SSD on biofilms. In SSD, sulfadiazine selectively bound to biofilms, and silver ions were then liberated. Ionized silver from SSD in culture media was lower than that from silver nitrate however, SSD, rather than silver nitrate, eradicated mature biofilms by bacterial killing. The antibacterial effects of SSD were a result of silver ions and not sulfadiazine. In this study, we aimed to analyze the mechanisms underlying SSD action on biofilms formed by MRSA. However, its effects on biofilms are still unclear. ![]() Silver sulfadiazine (SSD) is a chemical complex clinically used for the prevention of wound infections after injury. Silver has long been used as a disinfectant, which is non-specific and has relatively low cytotoxicity. Currently, there is a need to develop alternative approaches for treating infections caused by biofilms to prevent delays in wound healing. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the most commonly detected drug-resistant microbe in hospitals, adheres to substrates and forms biofilms that are resistant to immunological responses and antimicrobial drugs.
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